Footnotes

• MY and PL contributed equally.

• Funding This work was supported by US National Institute of Health grants (P01 CA87969 to S E Hankinson, P01 CA55075 to W C Willett, P50 CA127003 to CSF, R01 CA118553 to CSF, R01 CA151993 to SO and R01 CA137178 to ATC) and a US National Science Foundation grant (DBI-1053486 to CH). PL is a Scottish Government Clinical Academic Fellow and is supported by a Harvard University Knox Memorial Fellowship. TM was supported by a fellowship grant from the Japan Society for Promotion of Science. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of US NIH. Funding agencies did not have any role in the design of the study; the collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data; the decision to submit the manuscript for publication; or the writing of the manuscript.

• Competing interests None.

• Provenance and peer review Commissioned; externally peer reviewed.