Footnotes

• Contributors SS helped in study concept, study design, dataset verification, interpretation of data and statistical analysis, drafting of initial manuscript and critical revision of the manuscript. AH and RG were responsible for study design, primary statistical analysis, dataset verification, interpretation of data and statistical analysis, critical revision of the manuscript and methodological oversight. CD and OW helped in dataset creation and stewardship. BM, ST, KC, AS, CH, ES, MM and AH performed manuscript revision. CR helped in study design, interpretation of data and statistical analysis, methodological and study oversight and critical revision of manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

• Funding American Gastroenterological Association 2019 Research Scholar Award (SS); US Dept of Veterans Affairs ICX002027A01 (SS), Million Veteran Programme Core MVP000 (KC); National Institute of Health K23HL143161A01 (ST).

• Competing interests The authors report no conflicts of interest that are relevant to this article. Dr. Shah is an ad hoc consultant for Phathom Pharmaceuticals.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; internally peer reviewed.

• Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.